The Vilna Talmudist, Jacob Barit, attempted to refute Brafman's claim. He also claimed that it was an international conspiratorial network, under the central control of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, which was based in Paris and then under the leadership of Adolphe Crémieux, a prominent freemason. Brafman claimed in his books The Local and Universal Jewish Brotherhoods (1868) and The Book of the Kahal (1869), published in Vilna, that the qahal continued to exist in secret and that it had as its principal aim undermining Christian entrepreneurs, taking over their property and ultimately seizing power. He subsequently converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and authored polemics against the Talmud and the qahal. Jacob Brafman, a Lithuanian Jew from Minsk, had a falling out with agents of the local qahal and consequently turned against Judaism. Resentment towards Jews, for the aforementioned reasons, existed in Russian society, but the idea of a Protocols-esque international Jewish conspiracy for world domination was minted in the 1860s. The Book of the Kahal (1869) by Jacob Brafman, in the Russian language original Jews who attempted to assimilate were regarded with suspicion as potential "infiltrators" supposedly trying to "take over society", while Jews who remained attached to traditional Jewish culture were resented as undesirable aliens. Following the ascent of liberalism in Europe, the Russian ruling class became more hardline in its reactionary policies, upholding the banner of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, whereby non-Orthodox and non-Russian subjects, including Jews, were not always embraced. The Jews lived in shtetls in the West of the Empire, in the Pale of Settlement and until the 1840s, local Jewish affairs were organised through the qahal, the semi-autonomous Jewish local government, including for purposes of taxation and conscription into the Imperial Russian Army. Towards the end of the 18th century, following the Partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire inherited the world's largest Jewish population. Many of the people whom De Michelis suspects of involvement in the forgery were directly responsible for inciting the pogroms. If the placement of the forgery in 1902–1903 Russia is correct, then it was written at the beginning of a series of anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, in which thousands of Jews were killed or fled the country. Self-contradictions in various testimonies show that the individuals involved-including the text's initial publisher, Pavel Krushevan-deliberately obscured the origins of the text and lied about it in the decades afterwards. De Michelis argues that it was manufactured in the months after a Russian Zionist congress in September 1902, and that it was originally a parody of Jewish idealism meant for internal circulation among antisemites until it was decided to clean it up and publish it as if it were real. The title of Sergei Nilus' widely distributed first edition contains the dates "1902–1903", and it is likely that the document was actually written at this time in Russia. Textual evidence shows that it could not have been produced prior to 1901. The Protocols is a fabricated document purporting to be factual. It has been described as "probably the most influential work of antisemitism ever written". It remains widely available in numerous languages, in print and on the Internet, and continues to be presented by antisemitic groups as a genuine document. It played a key part in popularizing belief in an international Jewish conspiracy.ĭistillations of the work were assigned by some German teachers, as if factual, to be read by German schoolchildren after the Nazis came to power in 1933, despite having been exposed as fraudulent by the British newspaper The Times in 1921 and the German Frankfurter Zeitung in 1924. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. The hoax was plagiarized from several earlier sources, some not antisemitic in nature. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Протоколы сионских мудрецов) or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |